财政赤字/盈利、银行挤兑、即日操盘……这些专业的金融词汇，你知道是什么意思吗？本期的Small Words，我们除了学习这些词汇的英文表达方式之外，也来看看它们的来历吧！
发音：美式发音
语速：110词/分钟
使用方法：精听+听写
Our first expression is in the red. It is another way of saying that a business is losing money. In the past, numbers in the financial records of a company were written in red ink to show a loss.
A business magazine recently published a report about a television company. The report said the company was still in the red, but was able to cut its loss from the year before.
A profit by a business is written in black numbers. So a company that is in the black is making money. An international news service reported that a private health insurer in Australia announced it was “back in the black with its first profit in three years”.
● (to be) in the red vs. (to be) in the black
说不清是东方影响西方，还是西方影响东方，还是大家在共同的财政事实面前取得非凡的默契，反正，中文的财政赤字在英语中也有对应的“in the red”。“赤”=“red”，用来表示财政上的损失或欠债，估计是因为红色这种色彩能让人产生触目惊心的感觉。与红色相对，黑色是稳重的颜色，在财政上，它也常用来作为记录盈利或日常收支的颜色。因此，“in the black”也就表示盈余的意思。
其实，英语中“(to be) in the red”和“(to be) in the black”的由来可以追溯到很久以前，记账的人在登记财政情况时，会准备一瓶黑墨水和一瓶红墨水，利润或盈余用黑墨水书写，而所有的损失和欠债则用红墨水记录。这种习惯演变成约定俗成的共识，沿用至今。
Another financial expression is run on the bank. That is what happens when many people try to withdraw all their money from a bank. A “run on the bank” usually happens when people believe there is danger a bank may fail or close.
Newspaper reports about a banking crisis in Russia used that expression. They said the government acted because of fears that the crisis would cause a run on the banks. “When a run on the banks was starting, there was not much they could do,” said a banking expert.
● run on the/a bank
这个词组翻译成中文有个专业的术语——银行挤兑。挤兑是对人们排队拥挤着到银行争相提取现金的混乱又可怕的场面的形象化描述。“run on a bank”这个词组生动地描绘出人们往银行跑的情景。银行挤兑对任何一家银行来说都是一个重大的危机。通常储户们在听说银行陷入困境的消息后都会争相将自己的存款从银行账户里提现，银行库存现金顷刻间被提取一空。当银行出现无法支付的困境时便会引发更大的信任危机，甚至直接导致倒闭。
Day trading is a new expression about a system that let its investors trade directly on an electronic market system. The system is known as NASDAQ, short for The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation. It was the first completely computerized stock market. It sells stocks of companies not listed on any stock exchange. Many high technology companies are listed on it.
Day trading companies provide a desk and a computer system to an investor who wants to trade. Individuals must provide fifty thousand dollars or more to the trading company to pay for the stocks they buy. Thousands of other investors do day trading from computers in their homes.
A day trader watches stock prices carefully. When he sees a stock rise in price, he uses the computer to buy shares of the stock. If the stock continues to rise in price in the next few minutes, the day trader sells the shares quickly to make a small profit. Then he looks for another stock to buy. If a stock goes down instead of up, he sells it and accepts the loss.
The idea is to make a small profit many times during the day. Day traders may buy and sell stocks hundreds of times each day.
Many day traders lose all their money in a week or so. Only about thirty percent succeed in earning enough from their efforts to continue day trading.
● day trading, day trader
这两个词组都是股市的专业术语。“day trading”是指即日交易/即日操盘，是指交易员每天必须在收盘前把自己的所有交易完成，既不能留有股票，也不能借有股票。它与普通股民做短线股票交易的最大区别在于它不用支付每笔的手续费或佣金，并且它可以在更高级的界面上完成交易。
“day trader”顾名思义，就是操作“day trading”的人。我们现在通常把它译作“操盘手”或“当日交易员”，在台湾则翻译为“当冲投资人”。“day trader”分两种，一种是为day trading公司工作，公司提供资金，day trader所挣的钱与公司分账；另一种则是自己出资金，盈利归己，但必须交纳管理费用。