汽车界可承受之“氢” Does 1)Hydrogen Have A Future?
低碳、环保无疑是人类已经并将会长期重点关注的事情了。汽车工业当然也需要更清洁的能源。如今,琳琅满目的新型能源概念车被研发了出来。有人提太阳能,有人推风能,但若是考虑到这些能源最终都要转化为电能并且以某种形式作为载体,无疑,氢才是最好的选择。
什么是氢能源动力汽车呢?准确地说,氢能源动力汽车是氢能燃料电池汽车,是以氢分子或者原子作为原料,用燃料电池来发电作为动力的汽车。
其实,早在上个世纪60年代,外国的科学家们就已设计出了能在马路上行驶的氢能汽车。然而,面对氢能源汽车技术开发需要的高成本,走氢能动力汽车这条道路一直都显得困难重重。也许,汽车作为一个遵循市场规律的工业产业,一定会经过混合动力汽车和纯电池电动汽车的过渡期,但与此同时,不少公司和机构依然坚持研发氢能。让我们跟随记者一起走访欧洲从事氢能燃料研发的工作人员,在此过程中,对于氢能是否能成为汽车未来能源的最终极解决方案这个问题,你也许会找到答案。
发音：英美发音
语速：175词/分钟
使用方法：泛听+讨论
科学家告诉我们:为什么需要氢能动力汽车?
Gareth: Hydrogen! We've heard it all before. All that talk last 2)millennium, all this stuff about the hydrogen economy. The media may have left the topic alone, but the scientists, engineers, and now car companies, certainly haven't. 
Well, what's new and where next for hydrogen? And for a glimpse of that, Germany's a pretty good place to start. It's considered to be one of the leaders in Europe when it comes to hydrogen technology. Klaus Bonhoff is head of the country's National Organisation for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology.
Klaus: We had a big hydrogen 3)hype some ten years ago. People were thinking, “Well, here's the solution for future mobility, here's a zero-4)emission mobility based on 5)renewables”. These were the advantages, but these still are the advantages. It then became obvious that it would take some more time to actually get this into the market. Public side is sometimes not as patient as that, so there was another hype that came up. So we talked about bio-fuels. And we're now talking about battery technologies. So people tend to believe that future mobility will be based on just one solution. And this is just not the case. We do need bio-fuels. We do need battery technologies. But we also need hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
Gareth: Which part of that 6)portfolio does it fit into? Which areas of transport would you say hydrogen is best suited to?
Klaus: When you look at the urban areas and the CO2 emissions related to public transport, hydrogen and fuel cells really offer the best potential to provide zero-emission buses in…in 7)metropolitan areas. Within road transportation, around 70% of the CO2 emissions is from passenger cars and light duty vehicles, so this is the segment you have to really address if you take CO2 emissions seriously.
Heavy duty has also a role to play. Probably options like bio-fuels are, at least short-term, a better option for that segment, but let's 8)stick with the passenger cars and light duty vehicles for a minute. And within this you see different segments: you see compact cars, mid-size cars, large cars. Everybody today is talking about batteries, and batteries are best suited for compact vehicles with short range, and this is where they actually offer huge advantages and, you know, besides that they're fun to drive, offer environmental benefits and they're zero emission. When it comes to larger vehicles with longer range that can be refueled in, you know, minutes, as what we're using today. This is where we are really in the arena of hydrogen fuel cell technologies.
格瑞斯: 氢动力!我们早有听闻。上个千禧年炒得火热的概念,什么“氢能经济”的。媒体或许已不再关注了,而一众科学家、工程师,还有当今的各大汽车公司却绝对还没放弃这一议题。
那么,关于氢动力,有什么新发现新路向呢?要一探究竟,德国是个不错的门户。说到氢能科技,德国在这方面的发展被公认是欧洲多国中的佼佼者。克洛斯·波恩贺夫是德国“国家氢能及燃料电池组织”的头儿。
克洛斯: 大概十年前,有一阵子,氢能概念给炒作得很厉害。大家都觉得“好了,将来出行运输的能源问题找到解决方案了。基于可再生能源、零排放的动力就在眼前了”。氢能的这些优势,过去如此,现在依然不变。但是显然,把氢能概念化为实际应用推出市场得花上好一段时间。普罗大众有时候没这个耐性,所以,另一股热潮抢滩兴起,我们转谈生物燃料,而现在,我们又开始谈电池驱动科技了。就是这样,人们习惯上以为将来的动力来源只能依赖唯一一种方式,而实际上并非如此。我们既需要生物燃料,也需要电池科技,同时,还需要氢能及燃料电池科技。
格瑞斯: 在能源应用的组合体中,氢能适用在哪方面?你认为氢能最适合用在哪些运输领域上?
克洛斯: 看看那些城市区域和公共交通工具的二氧化碳排放量,氢能及燃料电池的确具备最佳潜力为大都市打造零排放公车。在道路运输方面,大约70%的二氧化碳排放量源于轿车及轻型货车,所以如果真要解决二氧化碳废气排放问题,就得好好往这一运输类别着手处理。
重型货车当然也是个问题,生物燃料也许是这类汽车的一个更好的选择,至少短期而言如是。但是我们还是稍微再谈谈轿车及轻型货车吧。在这个领域里,还可以细分成不同车型:有小型车、中型车、大型车。今天人人都在说电池,而最适合采用电池动力的是跑短途的小型车。电动的优势在这一车型上得到明显的发挥,除了提供独特的驾驶乐趣,还具备环保性能,零排放无污染。而说到跑更远距离的大型车,也就是我们现在用的那些可以在几分钟内加满燃料的汽车,则是氢能燃料电池科技应用的大舞台。