上期,笔者为大家总结分析了历年高考英语试题中名词性从句的五大考点,本期将继续分析剩下的四大考点。
考 点 六
名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1) 表示“坚持”“命令”“建议”“要求”等动词后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。这类动词有insist、order、command、recommend、advise、suggest、propose、demand、require、request、ask、urge、desire等,这类虚拟语气由“(should +)动词原形”构成。但insist表“坚持说、坚持认为”,suggest表“暗示、表明”时,后面的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
[真题再现]
① The doctor recommended that you ______ swim after eating a large meal. (2009年浙江卷)
A. wouldn't B. couldn't
C. needn't D. shouldn't
② Jane's pale face suggested that she ______ill, and her parents suggested that she ______ a medical examination. (1994年上海卷)
A. be; should have B. was; have
C. should be; had D. was; has
【解析】① D。Recommend在此表示“建议”的意思,其宾语从句要用虚拟语气,谓语动词应用(should+)动词原形,故选shouldn't。② B。根据题干的意思,“简苍白的脸色表明她病了,她的父母建议她去检查一下”可知,第一个宾语从句前的suggest表示“暗示”,因此该从句不能用虚拟语气,其谓语动词的时态应根据主句的过去时选用一般过去时态,故选was,排除A、C。第二个宾语从句前的suggest表示“建议”,该从句的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气“(should+)动词原形”,其中should可以省略,故排除D,选B。
(2) 以it充当形式宾语,宾语补足语是important、necessary、advisable、desirable、possible等形容词时,形容词后真正的宾语从句应使用虚拟语气“(should +)动词原形”。
[真题再现]
—Don't you think it necessary that he ______to Miami but to New York?
—I agree, but the problem is ______he has refused to. (2005年江苏卷)
A. will not be sent; that
B. not be sent; that
C. should not be sent; what
D. should not send; what
【解析】B。第一空由结构可知,necessary后的宾语从句应使用虚拟语气“(should +)动词原形”,又因从句的主语与动词send是被动关系,故用(should) not be sent,should可省略;第二空需要填引导表语从句的词,从句中省略了与前句重复的部分be sent to New York,可还原为 he has refused to be sent to New York,由此可知,该从句不缺任何成分,故用that来引导。
(3) Wish 引导的宾语从句表虚拟语气时,从句中的谓语动词情况如下表:
[真题再现]
How I wish every family _____ a large house with a beautiful garden! (2002年上海春招卷)
A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
【解析】B。题干的意思是:“我多么希望每个家庭都有一个带着美丽花园的大房子啊!”由此可知,这句话表达的是对现在的“希望”,因此wish后的宾语从句用一般过去时。
(4) Would rather引导的宾语从句表虚拟语气时, 如果从句表示动作发生在过去,用过去完成时;指将来或现在的动作时,则用过去时态(be动词只能用were形式)。
[真题再现]
George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I'd rather he _____ more on its culture. (2010年江苏卷)
A. focus B. focused
C. would focus D. had focused
【解析】B。Would rather引导的宾语从句应用虚拟语气,表示与将来时间相反,从句谓语动词应用过去式。
2. 主语从句中的虚拟语气
在“It is necessary / important / natural / desirable / advisable / strange + that从句”“It is desired / suggested / decided / ordered / requested / proposed / required (表示“愿望、建议、命令、要求”的词) + that从句”,以及“It was a pity / a shame / no wonder + that从句”结构中, that从句中的谓语动词常用“(should +)动词原形”。
[真题再现]
It is necessary that a college student _____ at least one foreign language. (1993年上海卷)
A. masters B. should master
C. mastered D. will master
【解析】B。在“It is necessary ... ”结构中,主语从句常用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“(should +)动词原形”。
3. 同位语从句或表语从句中的虚拟语气
某些表示“建议”“命令”“要求”等的名词(advice、 request、 order、demand、proposal、suggestion等)的同位语从句或表语从句中,谓语常用虚拟语气“(should +)动词原形”。
[真题再现]
We should consider the students' request ______ the school library provide more books on popular science. (2009年重庆卷)
A. that B. when C. which D. where
【解析】A。The school library provide more books on popular science是对名词request的具体解释,是同位语从句,又因该从句句意完整,不缺成分,故用that来引导。同时注意request后的同位语从句中的谓语动词应该用虚拟语气“(should+)动词原形”,此处省略了should,故谓语动词provide用原形。
考 点 七
That的省略
一般来讲,在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的that不可省略。而在宾语从句中的that可以省略,但下列情况一般不省略:①当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时,引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略;②由it作形式宾语时;③当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;④当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或从句时;⑤当主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时;⑥当that宾语从句中的状语从句位于该从句的前部时。
[真题再现]
① Having checked the doors were closed, and ______ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom. (2007年湖南卷)
A. why B. that C. when D. where
② The fact has worried many scientists _______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years. (2009年江西卷)
A. what B. which C. that D. though
【解析】① B。由and可知,the doors were closed和all the lights were off并列作check的宾语,且从句意思完整,不缺句子成分,应用that来引导。The doors were closed前面省略了that,但当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时,引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略,故空格处用that。② C。从句the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years 是对the fact的解释,充当the fact的同位语,因此由that引导,that在从句中不作任何成分。同时注意:在同位语从句中,that不可省略。
考点 八
从句与先行词的分隔
这种情况多见于同位语从句。为了保持句子平衡,从句与先行词往往被介词短语、副词或谓语等分开。
[真题再现]
A warm thought suddenly came to me ______ Imight use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday.(2006年安徽卷)
A. if B. when C. that D. which
【解析】C。That引导的从句是对先行词a warm thought的解释说明,是同位语从句,该题先行词与从句分开,是为了保持句子平衡。
考 点 九
名词性从句与定语从句的区别
两者的区别在于从句在句中所充当的成分。名词性从句在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语;定语从句在句子中相当于形容词的用法,充当定语修饰名词、代词等(即先行词)。
1. 主语从句与非限定性定语从句
主语从句指从句在复合句中充当主语,是主句谓语动词的动作发出者。在形式上,非限定性定语从句与主句之间用逗号隔开。它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用,只起补充说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句进行补充说明,即使将其去掉,也不会影响句子意思。
[真题再现]
① _______ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olmpic Games will take place in Beijing. (2008年福建卷)
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
② It has been proved ______ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life. (2008年上海卷)
A. if B. because C. when D. that
③ ______ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004年北京卷)
A. It B. As C. That D. What
【解析】① B。______ is known to us all在句子中充当主语,因此是主语从句,而其中又缺少了一个主语。A、C选项不能引导名词性从句并在从句中作主语;D选项意思是“哪一个”,是在一定范围内进行选择,题干中显然无范围限定;B选项意思是“所……的”,符合题意。② D。此结构是it作形式主语的主语从句,真正的主语是空格之后的句子。因该从句句意完整,故用在从句中不充当任何成分的that。③ B。因为前后句之间用逗号分开,且没有连词连接,去掉前半句,对后句意思并无影响,故空格处引导的是非限定性定语从句。A、D选项不能引导定语从句,C选项不能用于非限定性定语从句。As引导非限定性定语从句时,从句常位于句首,as在定语从句中充当主语,指代整个主句内容,表“正如”之意。
2. 同位语从句和定语从句
前者是对前面的某一名词进行解释说明;后者一般是对某一名词进行修饰限定。注意:that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略;that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。例如:
I had no idea that you were here.
【解析】这句话的意思是:“我不知道你在这里。”That引导同位语从句,不能省略。
Have you got the idea (that) this book reveals of life in ancient Greece?
【解析】这句话的意思是:“你获得这本书所透露的关于在古希腊生活的信息了吗?”That引导定语从句,指代the idea,作reveal的宾语,可以省略。
总之,名词性从句历年来都是高考的考查热点。高考考点的“稳定性”告诉我们:高考英语命题有很强的规律性。在复习迎考过程中,同学们一定要反复研究近年高考真题,将高考热点落到实处,反复咀嚼、反复演练、确保精通。同时,同学们平时在做题时,必须加强对从句语法特征和语义特征的思考,形成纯正的英语思维能力。这样才能决胜高考!
作者简介:
王正勋,福建省泉州市泉港区泉港二中高中英语教师,国家基础教育实验中心外语教育研究中心研究员。