文字难度：★★★
By the time the trumpets have been sounded, the candles have been lit, and the salmon 1)platters 2)garnished, Harald V, King of Norway, enters the room, and 200 guests stand to greet him. Then a chorus of 30 men and women, each wearing a blue police uniform, 3)launches into a 4)spirited 5)rendition of We Are the World. This isn’t 6)cabaret night at7)Oslo’s Royal Palace. It’s a 8)gala to 9)inaugurate Halden Fengsel, Norway’s newest prison.
号声响起之前,蜡烛早已点好,三文鱼冷盘也已布置好,挪威国王哈拉尔五世步入房间,200名客人起立迎接。然后,由30名身穿蓝色警察制服的男女组成的合唱团慷慨激昂地唱起《我们同属一个世界》。这不是在挪威奥斯陆皇宫进行的歌舞表演之夜,而是哈尔登·芬格赛尔监狱的落成庆典,那是挪威最新建成的监狱。
Ten years and 1.5 billion Norwegian 10)kroner ($252 million) in the making, Halden is spread over 75 acres (30 11)hectares) of gently sloping12)forest in southeastern Norway. The facility13)boasts 14)amenities like a sound studio, jogging trails and a freestanding two-bedroom house where 15)inmates can host their families during overnight visits. Unlike many American prisons, the air isn’t 16)tinged with the smell of sweat and urine. Instead, the scent of orange 17)sorbet 18)emanates from the “kitchen laboratory” where inmates take cooking courses. “In the Norwegian prison system, there’s a focus on human rights and respect,” says Are Hoidal, the prison’s governor. “We don’t see any of this as unusual.”
修建哈尔登监狱用了10年时间,花费了15亿挪威克朗(约2.52亿美元)。这座监狱位于挪威东南部的丘陵地带,占地75英亩(30公顷)。监狱里便利设施齐备,例如有录音室、慢跑小径,以及独立的两室一厅,以便囚犯能够招待亲友过夜。跟很多充斥着汗味和尿味的美国监狱不一样, 在这里,你只会闻到囚犯在“厨房实验室”学习烹饪课程时,那里飘出来的橘子冰糕的香味。“挪威的监狱体制注重人权,尊重囚犯,”该监狱狱长Are Hoidal说,“我们并不认为这些设施有什么特别。”
Halden, Norway’s second largest prison, with a capacity of 252 inmates, opened on April 8. It embodies the guiding principles of the country’s penal system: That repressive prisons do not work and that treating prisoners humanely boosts their chances of 19)reintegrating into society. “When they arrive, many of them are in bad shape,” Hoidal says, noting that Halden houses drug dealers, murderers and 20)rapists, among others. “We want to build them up, give them confidence through education and work and have them leave as better people.” Countries track 21)recidivism rates differently, but even an imperfect comparison suggests that the Norwegian model works. Within two years of their release, 20% of Norway’s prisoners end up back in jail. In the U.K. and the U.S., the figure hovers between 50% and 60%. Of course, a low level of criminality gives Norway a massive advantage. Its prison 22)roll lists a mere 3,300, or 69 per 100,000 people, compared with 2.3 million in the U.S., or 753 per 100,000—the highest rate in the world.
作为挪威第二大监狱,哈尔登监狱在4月8日落成,可容纳252名囚犯。它体现了这个国家刑罚系统的主要指导方针,即:监狱里压抑的氛围对囚犯没任何帮助;要人性化地对待囚犯,这样能够增加他们重新融入社会的机会。“他们来到这里的时候,许多人的状态都很差,”Hoidal说。他提到,哈尔登监狱里不但关有贩毒者、谋杀犯,还有强奸犯等。“我们想改造他们,通过教育和工作给予他们信心,让他们离开这里时成为更好的人。” 每个国家对累犯率的计算方法均不同,但即使是不完全的比较都显示出挪威的这种模式相当奏效。挪威囚犯在被释放的两年内,只有20%的人会再次犯罪,重回监狱。在英国和美国,则有50%到60%的囚犯会再犯。当然,较低的犯罪率给了挪威很大的优势。挪威的罪犯仅仅有3300名,即每10万人中有69人犯罪,而美国——全世界犯罪率最高的国家,有2300万名罪犯,即每10万人中有753人犯罪。
Design plays a key role in Halden’s23)rehabilitation efforts. “The most important thing is that the prison looks as much like the outside world as possible,” says Hans Henrik Hoilund, one of the prison’s architects. To avoid an 24)institutional feel, exteriors are not concrete but made of bricks, 25)galvanized steel, and 26)larch; the buildings seem to have grown organically from the woodlands. And while there is one obvious symbol of 27)incarceration—a 20-foot (6-meter) concrete security wall along the prison’s 28)perimeter—trees 29)obscure it, and its top has been rounded off, Hoilund says, “So it isn’t too hostile.”
设计在哈尔登监狱对囚犯的改造努力中扮演着关键角色。“最重要的是要使监狱看起来尽可能和外面的世界没什么两样,”该监狱的一位建筑师Hans Henrik Hoilund说。为了避免那份 桎梏感,监狱外部不用混凝土建造,而改用砖、镀锌钢材以及落叶松木,使得建筑物仿佛是从树林中生长出来一般。虽然那里还是有一个明显的监狱特征——那里四周有20英尺(6米)高的水泥警戒围墙——但是这高墙被许多树木遮掩着,而且其顶部被修圆磨平(编者注:一般监狱围墙之上都会带有刀刺,以防犯人攀爬越狱)。Hoilund说:“所以在那里,敌我对恃的气氛不会太浓。”
The 30)cells 31)rival 32)well-appointed college dorm rooms, with their flat-screen TVs and minifridges. Designers chose long 33)vertical windows for the rooms because they let in more sunlight. There are no bars. Every 10 to 12 cells share a living room and kitchen. With their stainless-steel 34)countertops, 35)wraparound sofas and 36)birch-colored coffee tables, they resemble37)Ikea showrooms.
监狱里的房间比得上设备齐全的大学宿舍,每个房间都有纯平电视和迷你冰箱。设计师们还为房间选用了长而竖直的窗户,以便能让更多的阳光透入房间。监狱里面没有围栏。每10个房间共享一间客厅和厨房。这些房间有不锈钢台面、转角沙发、桦木颜色的咖啡桌,就像宜家的陈列室一样。
Halden’s greatest asset, though, may be the strong relationship between staff and inmates. Prison guards don’t carry guns—that creates unnecessary intimidation and social distance—and they routinely eat meals and play sports with the inmates.
虽然如此,哈尔登监狱的最大资产莫过于监狱员工跟囚犯之间牢固的关系。狱警都不佩枪——那样会造成不必要的威胁感和交流隔膜——他们每天都会与囚犯一起吃饭、做运动。
“Many of the prisoners come from bad homes, so we wanted to create a sense of family,” says architect Per Hojgaard Nielsen.
“许多囚犯都来自不太好的家庭,所以我们想要给他们营造家的感觉,”建筑师Per Hojgaard Nielsen说。
Half the guards are women—Hoidal believes this decreases aggression—and prisoners receive questionnaires asking how their experience in prison can be improved.
一半狱警都是女性——狱长Hoidal相信,这样能够减少囚犯们的暴戾行径——囚犯们还会收到有关如何改善他们狱中生活的调查问卷。
There’s plenty of enthusiasm for transforming lives. “None of us were forced to work here. We chose to,” says Charlott-Renee Sandvik Clasen, a music teacher in the prison and a member of Halden’s security-guard chorus. “Our goal is to give all the prisoners—we call them our pupils—a meaningful life inside these walls.” It’s warmth like that, not the expensive television sets, which will likely have the most lasting impact.
这里的工作人员充满了改造囚犯人生的热情。“我们没有被迫在这里工作,是我们自己选择在此的,”监狱的音乐老师及哈尔登狱警合唱队成员Charlott-Renee Sandvik Clasen说,“我们的目标是让所有的囚犯——我们称之为‘我们的学生’——在这些围墙以内过着一种有意义的生活。”那样的一种温暖,而非那些昂贵的电视机,可能会带来最持久的影响。
