代词分人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词、指示代词、关系代词和连接代词，它们在句子中承担不同的功用。
I人 称 代 词
一、主格人称代词有I, we, you, he, she, they, it，主格人称代词就是在句中充当主语和表语的代词
1) Archibald Motley’s artistic talent ［A］ was apparent ［B］ by the time him ［C］ enrolled ［D］ in high school.
2) Legends often contain an element ［A］ of fact， but ［B］ sometimes it is ［C］ totally ［D］ untrue.
3) Unlike ［A］ road vehicles， Hovercrafts have no physical ［B］ contact with the surface over which ［C］ them ［D］ travel.
二、宾格人称代词有me, us, you, him, her, them, it，宾格人称代词即在句中充当宾语(含介词宾语)的代词
4) Let you and I ［A］ promise that we shall always ［B］ dare to do ［C］ what is ［D］ right.
5) Most of we ［A］ know that conductors direct their orchestras with a baton， but how many ［B］ are aware that ［C］ they also direct with their faces， hands ［D］ ， and shoulders?
三、例题解析
1) C错。him是宾格，而此处却需要作主语的人称代词，故应将him改为主格he。
2) C错。 改为they are。C处代替的是“Legends”而不是“an element”。
3) D错。them也是宾格，应改用主格they，作定语从句中的主语，谓语为travel。
4) A错。 改为me。
5) A错。改为宾格us，因为前面是介词of，us作其宾语，故用宾格。
II物 主 代 词
一、表示人的物主代词用my, our, your, his, her和their，指无生命的东西用its(但指国家时一般用she或her)，它们在句中作定语
1) A scientist bases its ［A］ work on hypotheses that ［B］ have been checked ［C］ through careful ［D］ experimentation.
2) Crude rubber is an ［A］ elastic(有弹性的) solid with a specific gravity of 0.911 and a refractive index(折射率) of 1.591， though it ［B］ composition varies with different latexes(橡浆) as well as ［C］ with the way it is prepared ［D］ at the plantation.
3) Manufacturers ［A］ of consumer goods ［B］ often change ［C］ the styles of them ［D］ products.
二、名词型物主代词能作表语(It's theirs)、主语(Mine is there)、宾语(I don't like hers)，与of连用可以作定语(the food of theirs)。
三、例题解析
1) A错。 改为his。
2) B错。 改为its。
3) D错。 改为their。
III反 身 代 词
一、反身代词有myself, ourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself。主语与宾语为同一人或物时，要用反身代词(否则就不能用反身代词)，反身代词也可放在名词或代词(主格)后面(也可放在句尾)起强调作用
1) All ［A］ the scouts(童子军) got theirselves ［B］ ready for the ［C］ long camping trip by spending their weekends living ［D］ in the open.
2) Various ［A］ animals have shells that keep themselves ［B］ from growing beyond ［C］ a certain ［D］ size.
3) Benjamin Banneker’s aptitude ［A］ in mathematics ［B］ and knowledge of astronomy enabled himself ［C］ to predict the solar ［D］ eclipse of 1789.
4) The president announced that he himself ［A］ would act upon ［B］ the evidence as presented ［C］ to himself ［D］ by the congressional committee.
5) Garrett ［A］ Morgan died in Cleveland， Ohio， the city that ［A］ had awarded himself ［B］ a gold medal for his devotion ［C］ to public ［D］ safety.
6) Plants rid them ［A］ of excess water through ［B］ transpiration， the evaporation of extra ［C］ moisture from their ［D］ leaves.
7) When Jonathan went ［A］ to Spain with his ［B］ sister， he bought a ［C］ leather coat for her and another for him ［D］ .
二、例题解析
1) B错。 改为themselves。
2) B错。B处明显指代animals，而它前面的主语that却指代shells，也就是说“that”和“themselves”指的不是同一事物。由于主语与宾语不是同一物，故不能用反身代词，应改为宾格them。
3) C错。本句的主语为aptitude，而非Benjamin Banneker(在这里它作aptitude的定语)，而C处的代词却指上文提到的人名“Benjamin Banneker”，由于主语与宾语并非指同一人，故不能用反身代词，应改用宾格him。
4) D错。 改为to him。动词“presented”的(逻辑)主语是“evidence”，而不是A处的“he，”所以D“himself”处与C处“presented”的主语“evidence”不一致，所以不能用反身代词。
5) B错。 改为him。同上。
6) A错。此处的them指主语plants，rid是及物动词，由于主语与宾语指同一物，故应使用反身代词themselves。
7) D错。 改为for himself。
IV 不 定 代 词
一、“every”(每一个)只作为定语使用，即必须在其后加上单数可数名词构成名词短语，它不可与everyone(每一个)混淆。 everyone相当于名词，它不可修饰其他名词，只作主语或宾语
1) Every ［A］ knows that hospitals are institutions where the sick are treated， but how many ［B］ realize that they were once ［C］ homes for the indigent and the friendless ［D］ ?
2) Everyone ［A］ child in the United States must ［B］ receive ［C］ some form of educational instruction ［D］ .
二、“much”和“many”分别修饰不可数名词和可数名词，可作为代词(如much of)和形容词使用
3) Food seasoning plays an important ［A］ role in the cooking ［B］ customs of much ［C］ cultures in ［D］ the world.
4) The general sales tax has been ［A］ a major source of income for state governments， much ［B］ of which derive more than half ［C］ of their budgets from ［D］ it.
5) Data received from ［A］ two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence ［B］ that huge thunderstorms are now occurring ［C］ around the equator ［D］ of the planet Saturn.
三、 “some”和“any”是表示不定数量的代词，相当于汉语的“一些”，作定语可修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词，其中some(包括它的合成词something,someone, somebody)多用于肯定句，而any(包括它的合成词anything, anyone, anybody)则用于疑问句和否定句中，其中any在否定句中相当于汉语中的“任何”；形容词修饰something, someone, somebody, anything, anyone, anybody, nothing, nobody时，形容词要放在这些词的后边
6) Historians ［A］ have never reached some general ［B］ agreement about ［C］ the precise causes of the ［D］ Civil War in the United States.
四、“another”和“other”分别表示“另外的一个”(an＋other)和“另外的”“其余的”意思，可以用作定语修饰名词或单独作主语与宾语，其中前者只用来修饰或指代单数可数名词，后者修饰单复数名词和不可数名词，二者不能相互混淆
7) Lizards lack ［A］ the builtin body temperature control ［B］ many another ［C］ creatures possess ［D］ .
8) Some bacterium are extremely ［A］ harmful， but anothers ［B］ are regularly ［C］ used in producing cheeses， crackers， and many other foods ［D］ .
9) Like ［A］ most another ［B］ art forms， the Greek tragedy had ［C］ its origins in religious ［D］ observances.
五、one与other “one”作为代词代替前面提到的人或物，它前边加the； “other”作代词修饰复数名词。 “one…another”表示“一个…另一个”的意思，或表示多个(三者以上)之中的“另一个”，“又一个”； “one…the other”表示两者之中剩下的“另一个，又一个”
10) I’d like to ［A］ buy a coat similar ［B］ to one ［C］ you are wearing ［D］ .
11) Though ［A］ Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight ［B］ vision in another ［C］ ， he became ［D］ an internationally renowned jazz musician.
六、 “few”和“little”两者分别为“many”和“much”的反义词，表示“少，很少”的意思，有否定含义，即等于“几乎没有”，如若表示肯定的含义，则应在little和few前加不定冠词“a”，即变为“a few”和“a little”
12) Because they are generally ［A］ taken simply to obtain a recognizable ［B］ and relatively clear ［C］ image， most nonprefessional photographs demand few ［D］ equipment.
七、 “a great deal (of)” (大量)只作为限定语修饰不可数名词或在句中指代不可数名词作主语或宾语
13) of giftgiving， barter， buying and selling goes on among the Narvjos.
［A］ A great deal
［B］ A great many
［C］ Much greater
［D］ Many
八、“nothing but”表示“只不过，就是，只有”
He is nothing but a singer. 他只不过是个唱歌的。
Nothing but a miracle can save us. 只有奇迹才能救我们。
九、“anything but” 表示“根本不，并不”
She is anything but beautiful. 她并不美。
John is anything but a liar. 约翰决不是个骗子。
十、“something of” 表示“略有”
He has seen something of life. 他略有阅历。
I’m something of a cook. 我略懂烹饪。
(试比较)
He is not much of a scholar. 他算不上个很好(高明)的学者。
十一、“none other than”表示“就是”
The new arrival was none other than the President. 刚到的那人就是总统本人。
我们要注意none other than 与 other than 的区别，后者表示“与……不同”
I do not wish him other than he is. 我不希望他改变现状。
The truth is quite other than what we think. 事实与我们所想的不一样。
十二、“none”有时可作副词，表示“一点也不”
We did the work none too well. 我们活干得一点也不好。
十三、nowhere可用以成语：be nowhere一无所得，一事无成；get nowhere一事无成，nowhere near离……很远。
十四、有些不定代词同时也是形容词，或有其他的含义
He is all attention, and she is all eyes. 他十分留意，她也注意力集中。
Everybody who is anybody (somebody) at all will be at the dance.
［句中的“anybody(somebody)”在此当“大人物，重要人物”讲。］
十五、例题解析
1) A错。every不可单独充当句子成分，应在其后加上person或改为everyone。
2) A错。改为Every，修饰child。
3) C错。应改为of many，因为被修饰词cultures为可数名词，故其修饰语应用many，而much要修饰不可数名词。
4) B错。应改用many，因此处所指代的是可数名词governments(复数)，many在本句中为代词，作非限定性定语从句的主语。
5) B错。应改为much evidence，因为evidence(证据，迹象)为不可数名词，故应用much来修饰。
6) B错。应为any general，因为本句为否定句(否定副词never)，应该用any，此处表示“(没有达成过) 任何共识”。
7) C错。应改用other来修饰可数复数名词creatures。本句是一个省略了关系代词that(或which)的定语从句，control为名词作主句中及物动词(谓语)lack的宾语，同时又受其后面定语从句的修饰。
8) B错。 改为others。
9) B错。 改为other。
10) C错。改为to the one。
11) C错。应用the other，因为此处表示两者之中的另一个，Art Tatum为人的名字，他只有两只眼睛，故提到“另一只”时应用the other。
12) D错。应改用little，因为equipment为不可数名词，故其修饰语应用little，few后面只接可数复数名词。
13) A为正确答案。空白后为不可数名词“giftgiving， barter， buying”，“［B］ A great amny”和“［D］ Many”修饰可数名词，而“［C］ Much greater”本身是形容词，空档后不应有“of”， 所以填“［A］ A great deal of”。
V 指 示 代 词
一、指示代词this，that，these和those用来代替上文已提到或指示眼前的人或物，在句中可充当主语、宾语和定语。做定语的指示代词要与所修饰的词在数上一致
1) Today’s libraries differ greatly from .
［A］ the past
［B］ those of the past
［C］ that are past
［D］ those past
2) The amount of money spent on cosmetics, according to some authorities, has exceeded spent on public health.
［A］ one
［B］ those
［C］ it
［D］ that
3) The culture and customs of America are more like of England than of any other country.
［A］ that
［B］ what
［C］ which
［D］ those
二、为了避免重复，that或those来代替前边的名词或代词，that表示事物，those表示人。一般来讲that表示单数或不可数，而those表示复数。但those可以和who连用，由who引导一个定语从句，这时those就不是代替前边的某词
4) Numerous efforts have been made ［A］ to improve ［B］ the laws governing ［C］ air pollution， but none have been as successful as them ［D］ devised by the state of Oregon.
5) An internationally famous ballerina ［A］ ， Maria Tallchief demonstrated ［B］ that the quality of ballet in the United States could equal those ［C］ of the ballet in Europe ［D］ .
6) Since the job was going to be ［A］ difficult， he asked only ［B］ them ［C］ he trusted to assist him ［D］ .
7) Forest animals ［A］ utilize the sense ［B］ of smell less ［C］ than them ［D］ in the countryside.
三、such修饰可数名词须与a连用，也可修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词
8) Let us take a serious, reasonable look at what the results might be if proposal were accepted.
［A］ so many
［B］ a so many
［C］ a such
［D］ such a
9) Although signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing dishonesty?
［A］ so
［B］ those
［C］ such
［D］ such a
四、例题解析
1) B为正确答案。此题中的differ from意为“不同于”，相比较的对象为“现代的图书馆”与“以往的图书馆”，故应选B ，用those代替前面提到的libraries(复数)。
2) D为正确答案。“has exceeded”“超过，超越”，空档后“spent on public health”作定语，而空档处是代词代替“The amount of monay”，这是不可数名词，所以“［A］ one”和“［B］ those”均不符合条件。“［C］ it”也不对，it代词代“the amount of money spent on cosmetics,”那么空档后的“spent on public health”显然与“spent on cosmetics”相矛盾。所以C也不对。
3) D为正确答案。“what”和“which”为连接和关系代词，“that”指代单数，而空档处是代前边的“The clture and customs of America”，所以应当用复数代词those。
4) D错。 改为those。这里“those”与“none”同指，都代“the laws”。
5) C错。 改为that，代“the quality。”
6) C错。改为those。C处作“asked”的宾语，又作“he trusted to assist him”的先行词。
7) D 错。 改为those。
8) D为正确答案。
9) C为正确答案。
VI 关 系 代 词
关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which，as。它们用来引导定语从句。它们既代表所修饰词，又在从句中担任一定的成分。
一、who和whom代表人，who在从句作主语而whom在从句中作(动词或介词的)宾语
1) Human beings are social ［A］ animals whom ［B］ usually prefer not to live in physical ［C］ or psychological isolation ［D］ .
二、whose表示“某人的”，在从句中作定语
2) There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of open mouth the tea was supposed to come.
［A］ which
［B］ its
［C］ that
［D］ whose
三、that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物或前边整个句子所表述的情况；that在从句中作主语、宾语和表语；which在从句中作主语或宾语
3) The first doll say “mama” was invented in 1830.
［A］ that it could
［B］ could
［C］ it could
［D］ that could
四、代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等
4) Probably he had come down in the world and this sampling was all was left him from the time when he could afford to come and select his favorite pudding.
［A］ what
［B］ that
［C］ which
［D］ who
5) Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much we can learn from him today.
［A］ as
［B］ when
［C］ who
［D］ that
五、在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物
6) After a while I recognized him as "Big Jim," used to sit behind me in maths class in high school.
［A］ which
［B］ who
［C］ he
［D］ that
7) I have often wondered whether some people, had no intention of making a purchase, would take advantage of this privilege of having a sample puddings without buying them.
［A］ whom
［B］ who
［C］ which
［D］ what
8) This means we shall have to carry our own water, will add even greater weight to the saucer."
［A］ that
［B］ although
［C］ why
［D］ which
六、which引导非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分，而不是一个名词
9) One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English－speaking country, amounts to washing one's hands of English complex structures.
［A］ whom
［B］ which
［C］ when
［D］ that
七、在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislikes it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
八、有时as也可用作关系代词
Sam set out to improve efficiency at the shirt factory but, as we find out later in this unit, his turned out not quite as he had expected.
九、例题解析
1) B错。改为who。
2) D为正确答案。
3) D为正确答案。
4) B为正确答案。
5) D为正确答案。
6) B为正确答案。
7) B为正确答案。
8) D为正确答案。
9) B为正确答案。
VII连 接 代 词
连接代词：是用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，连接代词有 what, who, whom, whose, which。
一、what可引导名词性从句，作主语和表语。“what”兼具先行词和关系代词的性质，即what=the thing(things)that
1) Continue to be you are before you find an exercelent job!
［A］ who
［B］ that
［C］ what
［D］ which
2) would be a fairly long speech in a play is often presented as a recitative(宣叙部) in opera.
［A］ That
［B］ There
［C］ It
［D］ What
二、代词who(m), which和what可以和ever构成复合代词(whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever)，它们起强调作用，都兼具先行词和关系词的作用。表示“所有，一切”之意。whoever和whomever作为复合代词，前边有介词，如果单纯作介词的宾语用whomever；如果介词后边的复合代词引导从句，则用whoever
3) it is you have heard, you'd better ask him about it in person.
［A］ Whatever
［B］ However
［C］ That
［D］ Although
4) The government will sell public houses to provides enough amount of money for the government further investment.
［A］ whoever
［B］ those
［C］ people
［D］ who
三、有时这些复合代词还可以引起状语
5) the size or nature of a business,its main goal is to earn a profit.
［A］ Whatever
［B］ Of
［C］ Whereas
［D］ Because
四、例题解析
1) C为正确答案。
2) D为正确答案。
3) A为正确答案。
4) A为正确答案。
5) A为正确答案。