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语法结构-时态(时态下)

     一般现在时表示现在、经常或习惯的动作或状态和普遍现象、常识或客观真理;一般过去时用于过去某一时间内发生的或过去习惯性的动作或状态;一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,将来打算做的事情;现在完成时表示过去发生的动作造成目前的结果和对现在造成的影响或表示从过去延续至今的动作、状态和习惯等;将来完成时表示将来某时之前业已完成或发生的事情;过去完成时表示过去某时间之前已经发生的动作或状况,即过去的过去。注意每一种时态与其他时态的交叉使用情况。英语共有十六种时态,其表现形式如下(以study为例):

 

一般时

进行时

完成时

完成进行时

现在

study
studies

am studying
is studying
are studying

have studied
has studied

have been studying
has been studying

过去

studied

was studying
were studying

had studied

had been studying

将来

shall study
will study

shall be studying
will be studying

shall have studied
will have studied

shall have been studying
will have been studying

过去将来

should study
would study

should be studying
would be studying

should have studied
would have studied

should have been studying
would have been studying

 

考试中出现的一般有以下几种。

IV 现在完成时

一、现在完成时的构成式是have(has)+动词的ED分词

1) Research [A] in molecular(分子的) biology has demonstrate [B] phenomenal similarities [C] between [D] humans and apes(类人猿).

2) Gore Vidal has steadily pursue [A] a literary career [B] remarkable [C] for its productivity, versatility(多样性) and unpredictability [D] (多变性).

3) For centuries large communities of people have living [A] on houseboats in parts [B] of the world where [C] the climate is warm and the waters are calm [D] .

二、现在完成时表示到现在为止的一段时间内发生的情况或动作,强调的是对现在的影响,可能是已完成的动作,也可表示多次动作的总和,或习惯性的行为和持续的动作

4) Ninetyeight percent of all animal species [A] in [B] history had [C] died out [D] .

5) The domestic [A] dog, considered to be the first tamed animal, is coexisting [B] with human beings since [C] the days of the cave dwellers [D] (居住者).

三、如果句中有表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时,用现在完成时,这些时间状语有 now, today, this week, this month, this year,现在完成时不和表示具体的时间状语连用,如yesterday, last year等,但可以和always, before, just, in/during the past(few weeks, years, fifty years)连用,这时in表示“过去多少时间”,不能用after

6) Industrial [A] management is the aspect [B] of business [C] management that was [D] most prominent in the United States in the past eight years.

7) Learning a foreign language is especially [A] difficult for those [B] who had [C] never learned one before [D] .

四、在有already, as yet, yet, ever, just, never 这类副词作状语的情况下,用现在完成时

8) In just [A] the last [B] few years, football is become [C] more popular than baseball in that country [D] .

9) Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has been possible before.

[A] ever
[B] everest
[C] more
[D] most

10) President Andrew Jackson was a controversial [A] figure in his own [B] day and is one [C] ever since [D] .

五、有“since+时间点,for+一段时间”引导的状语时,主句谓语用现在完成时态

11) Jekyll Island has been one [A] of Georgia’s state [B] parks [C] in [D] 1954.

12) He is [A] in this country now [B] for five years, but he makes [C] no attempt to speak [D] our language.

13) The Browns [A] are living a hard [B] life because Mr. Brown has been unemployed [C] since [D] half a year.

六、现在完成时用于将来的情况,即主语为一般将来时,时间和条件从句中的谓语用现在完成时(而不能用将来完成时)表示将来某时完成的动作

14) Smith is to study medicine as soon as he military service.

[A] will finish
[B] has finished
[C] finish
[D] would finish

15) Once you that brand of whisky, you will never want to drink any other.

[A] drunk
[B] have drunk
[C] will drink
[D] drank

七、例题解析

1) B错,改为has demonstrated。

2) A错,改为pursued。

3) A错,改为have lived。

4) C错。本句的汉语意思是“历史上90%的动物种类已经灭绝”,表示到现在为止“已经”发生的事,而且还在延继下去。所以时态应该用现在完成时。表示在过去的某一时间之前已经完成的动作才用过去完成时,所以本题应把C处的had改为have。

5) B错。应改为现在完成时has coexisted,因为本句表示到现在为止这段时间内发生的情况(持续性的),最关键的是抓住句中的状语“since…dwellers”(自从…到现在)。

6) D错,改为has been。

7) C错,改为have。

8) C错,改为has become。

9) A为正确答案。

10) C错。since在本句中是副词,意思是“从那时到现在”, ever亦为副词修饰 since,起强调作用,因此本句应用现在完成时,将“is one”改为“ has been one”。

11) D错。in 1954表示的是确定的某个时刻(过去),但由于句中的谓语动词所使用的是现在完成时,所以应将介词in改为 “since”。“ since 1954”表示“从1954年以来”,本句的谓语动词用现在完成时。

12) A错,改为has been。

13) D错,改为for。

14) 正确答案是B。主句用的是将来时“…be about to”,时间状语从句由as soon as引导,四个选项中,用现在完成时表示将来要完成的动作最合适。所以B为正确答案。

15) 正确答案是B。由于主句用的是一般将来时,“Once…”引导的时间状语从句中应该用现在完成时,所以B为正确答案。

V将来完成时和过去完成时

一、将来完成时表示将来某时业已发生的动作和情况,或已经存在的状态

1) By the end of this month, the generating set for a whole year.

[A] will run
[B] has run
[C] runs
[D] will have run

二、过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻之前业已发生了的动作或现象,句中通常会出现有表示过去某一时刻的时间状语

2) Although she law for only a little over eight years, Florence Allen became in 1922 the first woman to sit on a state supreme court.

[A] will practice
[B] practices
[C] had practiced
[D] has been practicing

3) Before 1970 many [A] technological advances have been made [B] in the field of computer science, which [C] resulted in more efficient [D] computers.

三、例题解析

1) 正确答案 是D。“By the end of this month”表示将来的某一时间,到那时业已完成的动作应用将来完成时,所以选D为正确答案。

2) C为正确答案。本句的主句有表示过去某刻的时间状语in 1922,用的是过去时,而空白处应填入在1922年前已发生的动作(从事律师业8年多),故应使用过去完成时。

3) B错,改为had been made,因为本句明显表示过去某刻之前( before 1970)业已发生的情况。

VI 进 行 时 态

一、现在进行时表示现在或现阶段进行的动作,但也和always, constantly, forever等频度副词连用表示一个经常进行的动作或现在存在的状态

1) Because of [A] the effects of tidal friction(摩擦力), the earth’s rotation, which forms [B] the basis for time units, is [C] gradually slow down [D] .

2) All things [A] consist of [B] atoms or molecules,which be [C] constantly moving [D] .

二、瞬间动词和一些表示状态及感觉的动词一般不用进行时,而用一般现在时或一般过去时代替。这些动词包括:appear(显然), arrive, be, come, desire, go, find, hate, hope, join, know, leave, like, love, join, possess, start, sail, see, suggest, taste, think(认为), understand等,类似的动词还有belong to, consist of,seem(似乎)等

3) He was seeing [A] somebody creeping [B] into the house through [C] the open [D] window last night.

4) Among [A] the most important [B] jazz innovators [C] in the twentieth century are being [D] Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Dizzy Gillespie.

三、过去完成进行时

过去完成进行时表示到过去的某一时间点或某一时间段里一直在进行的动作或行为

5) They received the parcel that they for a long time.

[A] expected
[B] have expected
[C] had been expecting
[D] had expected

There is a wellknown incident in one of Moliere′s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life.(93年翻译)

四、例题解析

1) D错。slow只有作为不及物动词用时才与up或down连用,表示“慢慢向上”或“慢慢向下”。所以我们说,这里的slow是动词而不是形容词,应将动词slow后边加上“ing”,改为(is) slowing down,构成现在进行时。

2) C错,改为are。

3) A错,改为saw。

4) D错,改为are。

5) C为正确答案。

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